The threat lingers years after the flames have been extinguished and the human and property losses of fire have been tallied.

Drenching rain in the wildfire-blackened hills below Colorado’s Pikes Peak sent a torrent of rock and mud into the tourist town of Manitou Springs this month, killing a 53-year-old man and smashing into dozens of houses.

No single agency compiles the cost of erosion and floods caused by wildfires, but the U.S. Forest Service spent nearly $46 million in fiscal 2012 on emergency erosion measures.

The money paid for mulch to absorb rain, shoring up roads and trails, and reseeding.