<\/p>\n
RED MOUNTAIN PASS \u2013 The term \u201cwhite as snow\u201d is a little misleading in the San Juan Mountains these days.<\/p>\n
The snowpack here at 11,060 feet is covered by layers of dust deposited in the last several weeks. These layers have serious ramifications not only for this spring and summer, but also for the future.<\/p>\n
Chris Landry and Andrew Temple, accompanied by this curious reporter with the dirty snowshoes, are here to try to give people an idea of what those ramifications may be. They work for an 11-year-old Silverton-based nonprofit called the Center for Snow & Avalanche Studies.<\/p>\n
The issue is this: During the last two decades, an increasing amount of dust, mostly blown via storms from northeast Arizona and southeast Utah, has landed on Colorado during the winter and, more often, spring. This dust settles on the snowpack, causing the snow to lose much of its ability to reflect the sun (We\u2019ll talk about \u201calbedo\u201d later) and escalating the rate of melt drastically.<\/p>\n
It\u2019s a situation everyone from water managers to river runners, biologists, botanists and climate-change scientists is concerned about. The dust is speeding up the spring snowpack melt by days or weeks. As a result, hydroelectric dams can\u2019t generate power as long. Rafting season ends early. Plants dry up or have shorter pollinating seasons. I wonder about the future of the truly white snowshoe hare that runs across the open meadow.<\/p>\n
So Landry and Temple ski regularly into Senator Beck Basin, just north of Red Mountain Pass, to take readings and measurements. I have trudged 10 minutes from the pass on snowshoes and boots that are still dirty from a previous excursion weeks ago. This isn\u2019t a doctor\u2019s operating room, but it is a serious scientific study area. We enter the site on a predetermined path so as not to contaminate it. Landry, the center\u2019s director, doesn\u2019t exactly scold me for the filthy boots, but he\u2019s not eager to have me walking around very far.<\/p>\n
Not that the snow isn\u2019t contaminated already. That\u2019s exactly the point: They want to learn just how badly the blown dust has sullied the snow surface. To do this, they measure albedo \u2013 the amount of solar radiation an object reflects. An albedo of 1.0 means that 100 percent of the sun\u2019s radiation is reflected. If there were no dust, the albedo of spring snow would be about 0.8, Landry says. Last year, the albedo here reached an extremely low 0.35. At that number, snow can absorb double or triple the amount of solar energy as clean snow; it\u2019s not unusual for melt rates to roughly double at low albedos, Landry says. The center\u2019s 11 sites scattered around the Colorado mountains from Rabbit Ears to Wolf Creek all showed low albedos in 2013.<\/p>\n
\u201cThat\u2019s a gigantic bonus of energy going into the snowpack,\u201d Landry said. \u201cWhat we\u2019re measuring across Colorado is severe drops in albedo because of dust.\u201d<\/p>\n
There\u2019s a common misconception that snowmelt rate is based on air temperature. But it\u2019s much more related to solar-energy absorption, making albedo a crucial factor, Landry emphasizes.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe conventional wisdom is hard to overcome,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
Senator Beck Basin is the \u201csentry\u201d study area, the front line for the Colorado Plateau dust as it blows across Colorado.<\/p>\n
We\u2019re at the Swamp Angel site, named for a former mine in the vicinity. It\u2019s the most technologically advanced Center for Snow & Avalanche location, and the only one of its kind in the Colorado River basin. There\u2019s another site in Senator Beck Basin at 12,000 feet, but it takes 60 to 90 minutes to get there, depending on conditions.<\/p>\n
Ken Curtis, engineer with the Dolores Water Conservancy District, says that although dust has been blowing into Colorado for millennia (Great Sand Dunes is an example), it\u2019s become apparent that since drought years of the early 2000s, dust storms are getting worse. And the dust \u201cdoes affect how the snow comes off during runoff.\u201d<\/p>\n
The immediate data help in knowing how quickly snow will melt, but Curtis says that the bigger value may be in the long-term data. For water managers, big-picture questions loom: Is the dust, indeed, a result of drought? Is it human-caused? Is there a way to control it?<\/p>\n
The center was a collaboration among Landry, Chris George and Don Bachman. Landry met Bachman in Bozeman, Montana, where Landry completed his master\u2019s. Landry traveled to the Silverton area during summer 2002 to scout the area as fires raged across the drought-stricken state.<\/p>\n
By 2003, he was gathering data. Landry says the center hopes to continue to grow its stakeholder base to each of the seven states in the Colorado River Compact. Although some of the data are usable only locally, much of it can be extrapolated to understand mountain systems and wider trends.<\/p>\n